Science
20 September
1996: |
Reports
Three Cognitive Markers of Unconscious Semantic Activation
Anthony G. Greenwald, * Sean C. Draine, Richard L. Abrams
A "response window" technique is described and used to reliably demonstrate unconscious activation of meaning by subliminal (visually masked) words. Visually masked prime words were shown to influence judged meaning of following target words. This priming-effect marker was used to identify two additional markers of unconscious semantic activation: (i) the activation is very short-lived (the target word must occur within about 100 milliseconds of the subliminal prime); and (ii) unlike supraliminal prime-target pairs, a subliminal pair leaves no memory trace that can be observed in response to the next prime-target pair. Thus, unconscious semantic activation is shown to be a readily reproducible phenomenon but also very limited in the duration of its effect.
Department
of Psychology, University of Washington , Seattle , WA 98195 , USA .
*
To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Psychology, University
of Washington , Box 351525 , Seattle , WA 98195-1525 , USA . E-mail: agg@u.washington.edu
Nonconscious semantic processing of emotional words modulates conscious access.
R.
Gaillard, A. Del Cul, L. Naccache, F. Vinckier, L. Cohen, and S. Dehaene (2006)
PNAS 103 , 7524-7529
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Improving Preference Assessment: Limiting the Effect of Context Through Pre-exposure to Attribute Levels.
K.
A. Carlson and S. D. Bond (2006) Management Science 52 ,
410-421
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Attentional Modulation of Unconscious "Automatic" Processes: Evidence from Event-related Potentials in a Masked Priming Paradigm..
M.
Kiefer and D. Brendel (2006) J. Cogn. Neurosci. 18 ,
184-198
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A direct intracranial record of emotions evoked by subliminal words.
L.
Naccache, R. Gaillard, C. Adam, D. Hasboun, S. Clemenceau, M. Baulac, S. Dehaene,
and L. Cohen (2005) PNAS 102 , 7713-7717
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Conscious and subliminal conflicts in normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia: The role of the anterior cingulate.
S.
Dehaene, E. Artiges, L. Naccache, C. Martelli, A. Viard, F. Schurhoff, C. Recasens,
M. L. P. Martinot, M. Leboyer, and J.-L. Martinot (2003) PNAS 100
, 13722-13727
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Different time courses for visual perception and action priming.
D.
Vorberg, U. Mattler, A. Heinecke, T. Schmidt, and J. Schwarzbach (2003) PNAS
100 , 6275-6280
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Representation of Change: Separate Electrophysiological Markers of Attention, Awareness, and Implicit Processing.
D.
Fernandez-Duque, G. Grossi, I. M. Thornton, and H. J. Neville (2003) J. Cogn.
Neurosci. 15 , 491-507
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Goal-Dependent and Goal-Independent Effects of Irrelevant Evaluations.
K.
C. Klauerxy and J. Musch (2002) Pers Soc Psychol Bull 28
, 802-814
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The Priming Method: Imaging Unconscious Repetition Priming Reveals an Abstract Representation of Number in the Parietal Lobes.
L.
Naccache and S. Dehaene (2001) Cereb Cortex 11 , 966-974
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A Source-Monitoring Analysis of Illusory Correlations.
K.
C. Klauer and T. Meiser (2000) Pers Soc Psychol Bull 26 ,
1074-1093
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Masked Presentations of Emotional Facial Expressions Modulate Amygdala Activity without Explicit Knowledge.
P.
J. Whalen, S. L. Rauch, N. L. Etcoff, S. C. McInerney, M. B. Lee, and M. A.
Jenike (1998) J. Neurosci. 18 , 411-418
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